SA Families and
Households
Assignment 6:
Group Work
Title: A qualitative study
focusing on how family members experience family life
differently depending
on their culture, race and gender.
Researchers: Lucille Khalema
lucillejk@gmail.com
: Jessica Reep jessicanoel85@gmail.com
: Carmen Herbert
carherbert@gmail.com
: Meredith Reep mmreep@gmail.com
Team Tasks : Lucille Khalema
Title page and Analysis
: Jessica Reep Literature review
and Conclusion
: Carmen Herbert Introduction and Results
: Meredith Reep Methods and Bibliography
Introduction:
There are numerous developments within the family research and family theories domain. Both domains aiming to define family
and include such definitions in the implementation of family policy. When one looks at theoretical developments, one is faced
with the reality of two opposing theoretical approaches of Structural functionalism and Postmodernism. The Structural functionalist
approach maintains traditional views about the family and Postmodernism entails contemporary views of the family. Functionalism
focuses on consensus and harmony, and supporting the status quo (the way things are) within a society; enforced by policies,
politics, and the economy that only benefit the minority of families in a society. The majority of families are oppressed
and discriminated against being marginalised because of not falling under the same as the white, middle-class, patriarchal,
‘nuclear’ version of family who emerged as the dominant model (Chambers, 2001). The Functionalist gender roles
portrayed by Murdock stress that wives should concentrate on domestic activities and husbands on economic production (work)
(Steel & Kidd, 2001). A huge limitation of this theory is that it does not make preference for cultural differences between
families. Postmodernism developed mainly when Functionalism’s ‘nuclear family’ eroded; we now know families
are diverse defined by their culture. Families are more diverse and fluid and the Post-modern approach makes provision to
acknowledge this change. Families are changing everyday; and new research is valuable in providing accounts of different family
experiences.
A family is considered to be any group, which consists of people in intimate (caring, supporting) relationships, which are
believed to endure over time and across generations. In the end families are who they say they are, thus based on their experience.
It is evident that contemporary families differ dramatically from the modern ‘nuclear family’. Culture is an important
aspect to put claim on as the families we interviewed are from South Africa and the United States of America. What we should
bear in mind is that culture comes with a set of values that families apply in their daily lives and such values provide the
norms for racial and gender views within societies and families. The central issues explored for this research are life histories,
general descriptions of families, family genogram, eco-maps, family hourly activities, patterns of work (paid and unpaid labour),
effects of racism, family relationships/status of family members, decision-making within the family, role of age, family rituals
and ceremonies, family property and migration.
It is through exploring all the aspects stated above that we would be able to lay claim on various developments, experiences
and differences between families across different geographical locations. We discovered that a gap in family research exists
whereby findings are mostly based on one country’s findings. Our research is important as it will explore family experiences
from two countries. Therefore the purpose of this research will be to provide a clear understanding on how family members
experience family life differently depending on their culture, race and gender. This then leads to our question: What are
the family members’ different experience of family life depending on their culture, race and gender?
Literature review
In all participant
interviews we found common themes that dealt with cultural differences, gender roles in the family, and the extent to which
racism affected the participants and their families. The research conducted by others all had common themes as
well that dealt with cultural, race differences and male/female roles. According to Lorber (1994) in the early
stages of the development of gender theory, there were a strong and politically necessary ideological commitment to the identification
and description of patriarchal relations identified with the sex stratification position. Chapman (2004) in
Gender and Domestic Life: Changing Practices in Families and Households explores the restrictions that are placed
on men and women when they are forced into the male breadwinner role and female home-maker role. Fathers are not able to spend
as much time raising the children and women are placed at an economical disadvantage where they have to depend on their husbands
financially. According to Sullivan (2004) transformation in gender relation between heterosexual couples in
the domestic sphere have been less fully developed.
However, Chapman (2004) emphasizes that as more women are entering the work place they are being asked to place their families
on the back-burner. They are being forced to choose between putting work first and family second. It is interesting to
note, Chapman (2004) many assume that since men created this system of placing women outside the work place and placing
themselves as the sole economic providers that they do not face discriminations. This is untrue; men are treated as commodities
in the work place. Where they are expected to work themselves into bad health in order to fulfill the provider role. If they
are unsuccessful at fulfilling their provider role then their masculinity is called into question. Elliot in Gender,
Family and Society (1996) discusses the impact that capitalism has on workers, especially migrant workers. South
African participants’ economic situations were impacted by race and class differences which lead to racism. The
American participants’ economic situations were impacted by educational levels and occupational opportunities.
Because the United States is a capitalist society, that places a lot of emphasis on people helping themselves, it makes
it hard for individuals born into poverty to make their way out.
In the article, Conceptualising Social Change: Families, Work, and the Changing Pattern of Social Reproduction, Irwin
(2000) explores the roles of men and women in employment and the affects this has on family life including that of reproduction.
As more women choose the career path the age of first marriage increases along with the age of child birth. Irwin discusses
in her article the rising practice of cohabitation between heterosexual and homosexual couples.
Harding (1996)
in Family, State, and Social Policy examine the ideals of the twentieth century housewife. Proper women were expected
to stay at home raising their children while catering to their hard working husband. However, these ideals left out the working
class woman that had to work to support her children. Even today there is discrimination among women as to who is the
better mother; the mom who stays at home to raise her children or the mom that leaves childcare to secondary sources while
she focuses on her career. Even these disputes leave out the lowest paid women who make barely enough to cover childcare while
they work. Kielty (2008) examines studies conducted in the United Kingdom that look at the psychological impact of
mothers that are non-resident mothers. As in the article, the idea that a mother becomes the non-resident parent goes
against social norms. Women who choose not to be the main support system for their children are stigmatized by society. This
also demonstrates the financial disadvantage wives are faced with when they allow their husbands to be the sole breadwinners.
Family Fragments by Smart and
Neale (1999) examines the impact that divorce has on the family structure. When couples with children go through divorce
a lot of decisions have to be made such as which parent receives primary custody of the child, who pays child support and
what amount, and what happens to the person in the relationship that once depended on the their partner for financial support.
In many cases the couple each hire a lawyer or solicitor to help make these important decisions. This presents an unfair advantage
if one person in the relationship (usually the woman) does not have the financial means to pay for legal aid. Smart and Neale
(1999) examine a new system in Britain that allows for parents to hire solicitors or receive free legal aid that is
directed towards mediation, as described in the exert below:
"This produces
a two-tier system with wealthier clients being able to afford old-style solicitors whom they can instruct to act in
certain ways, while poorer clients will be directed towards mediation. Embedded in this two-tier system is, of course,
a gender dimension. It is to be expected that women clients (who currently rely on legal aid) will be more likely to
be directed towards mediation, while those male clients who can afford solicitors' fees will still be able to buy partisan
support".
The following articles all deal with family connections and the dividing up of household chores. New Families, No Families
by Goldscheider and Waite (1993) discuss the division of chores among individuals in a family. They examine the
affect that gender has on chore division. Even children's tasks are based upon whether they are girls or boys. All of our
interviews showed this same bias in chore division. The females in the families were given more indoor chores while the males
were given more outdoor chores. It is interesting to note that even these two different cultures use gender to divide labour
tasks in their families. Williams (2004), Care, Diversity and Context in Rethinking Families focuses on "the
processes and meanings which attach to and shape the decisions women make when faced with the issue of taking up paid work
and caring for their children". Women's decisions are almost always based on what is the right thing to do for their
children but such decisions are influenced by culture, society and family. Williams (2004), Duncan’s case studies
indicated that Black mothers follow a cultural tradition of working for their children because it is a demonstration of their
racial and class emancipation within society and the family (following heroic black women before them); and inadvertently
breaking free from oppression black females experience.
Methods
For this research paper there were many steps that we had to take in gathering all the information from two families in
South Africa and two families in the United States. We first had to come up with questions about how gender, culture and
racism affected their life. We then had to find someone that would be willing to share detailed information about their life
history and families. In the beginning of the interview the participants were asked to tell us their life
histories in detail. The participants draw a genogram of the participants’ families. This was to show
us all the people that were related in any way to the participants and family members that had passed away or
gotten a divorce. These were all the steps we followed to gather the information needed for compiling
this research paper.
There were a total of four participants interviewed by four different researchers within two different countries.
Participant one was a twenty-six (26) year old white male from the Unites States. Participant two was a twenty
(20) year old white male from the Unites States. Participant three was a sixty (60) year old ‘coloured’
female who occupies multiple roles as wife, mother and sister to nine other siblings from South Africa. Participant
four was a fifty (50) year old ‘coloured’ female from South Africa. Each researcher chose these
participants based on availability and their willingness to share the information needed.
The
interviews were conducted in the privacy of each participants home and each participant had to sign a letter of consent
before they answered any questions saying that they had agreed to answer the questions. This consent form included the
confidentiality code and their rights as research participants. A copy of this consent form is included in as Appendix
A. We the researchers interviewed each participant by asking them a series of questions pertaining to the central research
aspects, discussed below (Appendix B). We were to either sit down with the participant or to do the interview over the
phone.
Researchers asked a series of questions in different categories. Some of the categories of different questions
were questions referring to where they lived. The second categories of questions were about describing their
family, also what the word family meant to them. Another category was about how they felt racism has affected them and
their family. Also another main topic of questions was about how labour was divided up among family members.
The main focus of our paper was to indicate how gender, race and culture have differently affected
the participants’ experience of family life.
The
researchers made use of certain PLA techniques such as Division of labour chart, Gender role chart, Life histories,
Activity prioritization grid, genogram, eco-map and Social networking mapping. In the ‘Social Network Mapping’
participants were requested to draw themselves in the center of a page and draw bold lines to
people they had a close connection with and thin lines to people they were not close to. In doing this we were able
to understand the importance of all their different relationships. This also opened up more conversation about different
relationships between them and their community. The researchers could see how an average day went for each participant
through using the Activity prioritization grid, including how much labour was done around the house and
outside the home, including paid work. The PLA techniques were all good ways to get our participants
to open up about personal situations in exciting ways. The transcripts have been utilised for the research report
and thereafter it will be destroyed, to maintain confidentiality (Appendix C).
We experienced a couple of problems: we did not get enough details for some participants’ life histories.
We feel that if we would have used more PLA techniques then we could have gone more in-depth into certain
personal topics. Topics such as illnesses, stress or frustration they may be experiencing in life due to gender roles,
race, or cultural affiliation. If we were to re-do our research we would ask more questions from
the interviewees and get more detailed life histories. It would also be important to get their
opinions on how they felt about the norms of culture in comparison to household tasks and how such
norms influenced tasks being divided between men and women.
Results
Culture
gives way to understanding class, values (religion), and traditions (celebrations, holidays). Most countries have adopted
Westernised ways of celebrating certain events. Race refers to racism and oppression, white, upperclass or elite families
in contrast to minority families gives way to discrimination and oppression. Gender based on different roles for men and women
and children, children are raised differently and disciplines according to their gender. Wife is caregiver and husband is
breadwinner this gives way to discrimination and oppression (Structural functionalism)
Post-modern families
are challenging the make-up of modern rigid gender and kinship roles, making way for new ways of being and living. We see
that wives and women in general take on multiple roles including economical ones where they are also able to sell their labour
in exchange for monetary value which affords them independence from the instrumental male of the family (REF). We find
that both men and women offer emotional and psychological support to their children and each other.
In all four families women were raised to be the caregivers of their families and in charge of the domestic domain within
the household. Women therefore conceived themselves only to the domestic division of labor as a constitutive
part of a wider societal process. Media plays an important role in socialization pertaining to intimacy, femininity,
masculinity, motherhood and fatherhood as well.
Boy children were seen as tougher than females and their duties were cleaning the yard, fixing things in the home ect. The
roles of gender practices stems from the media, how families were raised. Gender inequality associated with patriarchal social
relations.
Values are important in terms of families as it stems from the ideology of religion which plays a role in culture. Even though
the families that were interviewed were from different parts of the world their cultural traditions were similar. They had
the same family gatherings and celebrated the same type of cultural activities.
It is interesting to know that how you were raised as a child will be similar to how your children will raise their children
and this goes on for generation to generation and this is called gender consciousness.
It was interesting
to notice that family members regardless of some similarities within their families their experiences were all different and
their definition of family; views of culture, race and gender are important to draw good conclusions from.
Participant #
2 in his interview described what it was like when his parents divorced when he was only 2 years of age. The divorce arrangement
placed him with his father and his younger brother with his mother. After his father got remarried his brother came to live
with them as well. His mother chose to become a non-resident mother because she did not have the financial means to support
two children that her ex-husband did.
Participant 2's mother felt like she was labeled as an unfit mother, because she did not have the financial means to support
her two sons.
In
our interviews Participants three and four were homemakers and depended on their husbands to provide. Participant one was
raised by his mother, and he believes that the best source of childcare comes from the mother. Participant two was raised
by his father who worked when he was young, because his mother did not have a job that would pay enough to support him and
his brother and pay for childcare. Interestly this participant still holds the same values of the other participants, that
a woman's best place is in the home with the children.
Participant
one's father is a lawyer and primary breadwinner of the family. When his parents divorced his father had more monetary means
and more friends in the business to help him in his divorce settlement. When his parents divorced all of the children were
old enough to care for themselves. However, his mother had relied on financial support from his father for over twenty years.
When I asked him how his mother fared in the divorce settlement he had this to say "I don't know much about their divorce
settlement, it is not my business, but I know my mom didn't do too badly but she could have done better". The question lies
in how much should the primary home-maker receive in a divorce settlement.
Participant four
was a woman in her fifties that regretted not being able to finish school and have a career of her own. She did not regret
being able to raise her children, but now that her children are grown she implied in her interview that she wished she had
a life outside the home.
Analysis
There is definitely a lack of research indicating what the different experiences of family life is between South African and
American families depending on culture, race and gender; because then we would have to face the reality of such research highlighting
inequalities, oppression, discrimination, and marginalization. Upon making such information public would mean that one would
need to publicly assess the theoretical approaches that maintain inequalities, oppression, discrimination, and marginalization;
and accept the changing family in all spheres of society and policy development.
Culture is an important aspect to put claim on as was highlighted in the introduction. The research deals with family life
across different geographical locations so differences would be apparent because no two families are uphold the same culture
values. Although culture is an aspect of focus on its own, racial and gender views and norms are embedded within culture.
Irwin (2000) states research highlights the cultural embeddedness of gender. However, Duncan in Irwin (2000) explains
that there is a change in gender and life course relations thus parenting and partnering are re-structuring and this phenomenon
is occurring across social groups which we could take further as referring to different racial groups as well, for the purposes
of our research.
Another aspect to culture provides us with the opportunity to understand values which are influenced by religion and class,
every day practices of family. It was interesting to note that the upper class family upholds capitalism and a working class
family upholds hard work and honesty even though they were both White American families. Therefore Williams (2004) states
cultural values adapt themselves to, and are shaped by, the practical ethics of everyday living and close relationships. This
is in support of family members having different cultural life experiences. Chapman (2004) states that American society has
always placed great pressure on men to be successful. A similarity was that most families celebrated special events and holidays.
Even though culture may differ but one aspect remains ‘togetherness’ of family members is essential for everyday
living and bonding.
One dominant finding suggest similarities between the male and female gender roles across geographical locations regardless
of different family cultural affiliation, experiences, values, race, and class. It proves that males strive toward being the
breadwinner or sole provider and females are the caregivers. This would then support Sullivan (2004) that gender roles have
been less developed that one is made to believe. The strides of the women’s movement is not as big as we thought, the
media and popular culture are misleading society as a whole. This position of females caring for their children and husband
is maintained through cultural values. These cultural values defining gender roles are then instilled in children from a very
young age; children are raised according to their gender regardless of the parents’ educational level, class or race.
The gender socialization is provided in the forms of chores and discipline which are both gender specific. Both parents adhere
to the gender socialization process but it seems that the fathers are more adamant in maintaining such gender roles of children.
Thus fulfilling the male’s dominant role within the family. This finding is then in contrast to “family members’
having different experiences of gender roles”. What was also interesting is that definitions of gender roles makes no
provision for female mothers that are working and still fulfilling domestic roles; and males being unemployed and fulfilling
most of the domestic duties at home. Therefore the above rigid gender roles confirm that gender discrimination is still very
much embedded within most cultures against males and females. Kielty’s (2008) research on non-resident motherhood thus
indicates contrary to popular believe, that fathers fulfill the caregiver roles in certain families and not the mothers; mothers
are therefore looked down upon for selecting their careers over family or being unfaithful in the marriage. Chapman (2004)
also makes us aware of the discrimination men go through if he is not able to provide for the family. Williams (2004) informs
that gendered care responsibilities continue, yet negotiation also takes place. Thus meaning that rigid gender roles are slowly
disappearing and more diverse roles are being developed and accepted between certain partners that is.
Another dominant finding refers to the different definitions participants gave for ‘family’. The definitions eluded
to their class affiliations such as the family being regarded as ‘working or upper’ class. The class definitions
provided a clear picture of the racial groups of the South African participants but this was however not as simple for the
participants from America. It was found that both participants from the United States of America were white males but they
were from different class groups and their family definitions were totally opposite to each other. Meaning that one cannot
easily look at a profile of an American family and identify it as belonging to a specific racial group depending on its class
structures. This however is not always the case for South Africans as racial categorizations are still very much linked to
class structures within society. A functionalist theoretical perspective gives power to the elite few and discriminates against
the minority who is in majority. This gives way to institutionalised racism within the educational and work place settings.
Therefore we can understand what Williams (2004) means through using Duncan’s case studies, that Black mothers follow
a cultural tradition of working for their children because it is a demonstration of their racial and class emancipation within
society and the family (following heroic black women before them); and inadvertently breaking free from oppression black females
experience.
Families are diverse and similar in nature depending on culture, race and gender. It is because of these three social markers
that we are able to identify family members’ life experience within their respective families across different countries.
We have learned that families can share similarities which are surprising seeing that they are families that experience life
differently. As was illustrated within our introduction it is evident that structural functionalist influences still has a
strong hold on cultural values and norms but as indicated through the supporting research and post-modernism change is slowly
taking place and being accepted within families through negotiation in partnering and parenting.
Our research therefore confirms most research such as the evidence we found on gender and it extends on aspects shared amongst
different cultural groups across geographical locations. The racial aspects confirm what some scholars have illustrated especially
South African researchers focusing on social psychology of the South African community, that racial discrimination is still
very much a daily reality.
In terms of future direction for policy, the research points to a need for increased research on how family life is experienced
depending on these three social markers, culture, race and gender across different geographical locations. These three social
markers are vital for policy development and implementation to reduce inequalities and exclusions. Change is inevitable and
we are living in a new era, classified as post-modernism.
Bibliography
Introduction references:
Chambers, D. (2001).
Representing the family. London: Sage Publications.
Smart, C., &
Neale, B. (1999). Family fragments. USA: Polity press.
Steel, L., &
Kidd, W. (2001). The family. New York: Palgrave.
Sullivan, O. (2004).
Changing gender practices within the household (A theoretical perspective), Volume 18(2) April 2004. Ben-Gurion University
Appendix A
Consent Form
I………………………………………..
agree to participate in the study and give the people mentioned above, who have been involved with the planning and implementation
of this project, permission to use the material.
I understand that
those involved in planning and implementing this teaching and learning project are intending to share the work generated in
the module in the form of publication and conference presentations.
· Whether or not to give this permission is a personal decision, and it is
entirely voluntary.
· There will be no rewards for giving this permission, as there will of course
be no penalty for refusing it.
· I have the right to withdraw my permission at a later stage- so long as
it is prior to any publication – and the researcher/s then refrain from including my story in their research.
· The researchers would use my stories/drawings for the purpose of this study
only and not for any other purpose.
· The identity of myself or any other person included in my story will be
protected.
My name above
and my signature below indicate my permission to use the material I have generated on the SA Families and Households e-learning
course.
Signed at………………………………….
(Place) on…………………………… (Date)
………………………………………………..
(Name)
PLEASE NOTE
If you have any
further questions in addition to what has been explained by the researcher, please do not hesitate to contact the Course Instructors:
Vivienne Bozalek;
University of the Western Cape; vbozalek@uwc.ac.za
Judy Aulette;
University of North Carolina; jraulette@uncc.edu
Nicolette Roman;
University of the Western Cape; nroman@uwc.ac.za
Jules Nshimirimana;
University of the Western Cape; jnshimirimana@uwc.ac.za
THANK YOU
Appendix B
SA Families and Households
Interview Instrument
1. Demographical
information
Interviewer :
Let’s
begin with a few facts about yourself. What is your age?
Interviewer : What is
your gender?
Interviewer : What is
your race?
Interviewer : What languages
do you speak?
Interviewer : Who
are the members in your family?
PLA Technique:
Life History
Interviewer : Tell me about
your life from the day you were born until now.
Evaluation of
Life history
PLA Technique:
Social networks (relationship mapping)
Interviewer : Please
take the page and pen and draw the relationships you have with others such as with friends and family members?
Interviewer : Can you
tell me what is important about these relationships?
Interview : What do mean
by ‘my husband is my everything’?
Interviewer : You have
very few relationships, why is this so?
Interviewer : Why is
this?
Interviewer : Do your
husband have a lot of friends?
Interviewer : How many
and how often does he visit them?
2. General descriptions
of the family
Interviewer : How does
the family spend their time?
Interviewer : Please
describe your place of residence?
Interviewer : How does
the family organize the living spaces?
Interviewer : How would
you define family?
Interviewer : How are
challenges within the family handled?
Interviewer : What effect
does the house have on the way family members relate to each other and the community?
PLA Technique:
Division of Labour Chart
Interviewer : Please draw
a daily chart of your duties or responsibilities and that of your husband.
Interviewer : What activities
take up most of your time?
Interviewer : What activities
do you like most or least?
Interviewer : What is
the difference between your chart and that of your husband’s?
Interviewer : What would
happen if roles and responsibilities changed- for example, if a person in a household became sick or died and others had to
perform their roles?
3. Patterns of
work: unpaid labour
Interviewer : Who is
involved in the daily preparations of food? Do you get paid for it?
Interviewer : What unpaid
work are children involved in?
Interviewer : What are
women’s and men’s roles in caring for others and domestic chores?
4. Patterns of
work: paid labour
Interviewer : What is
the family’s attitude towards women seeking paid employment?
Interviewer : Why won’t
your husband allow you to work?
Interviewer : Who is
involved in waged labour?
Interviewer : How is
the income distributed in the household?
5. Effects of
Racism
Interviewer : Tell me
how have the family members been affected by Cultural racism?
Interviewer : How have
the family members been affected by Institutional racism?
Interviewer : And how
have the family members been affected by Personal racism?
Interviewer : How has
the family coped and supported each other in dealing with racism?
6. Family Relationships
/ Status of family members
Interviewer : Who is
the head of the household?
Interviewer : How are
old people viewed in the family?
Interviewer : How
are women viewed within the family?
Interviewer : How have
babies been treated?
Interviewer : How does
the rearing of children change the status of the women in the family?
Interviewer : How are
boys and girls raised?
Interviewer : How are
girls and boys treated?
Interviewer : Then boys and
girls are raised differently? Motivate why.
Interviewer : Are the
children a means of security in old age? Motivate.
Interviewer : Who disciplines
the children and how is it done?
Interviewer : How are
values and norms exercised in the family and who teaches about them?
Interviewer : Name three
values that are important to the family?
Interviewer : Tell me
about communication in the family?
Interviewer : How are
family problems resolved?
Interviewer : How is
conflict dealt with?
Interviewer : How does
the family cope with the death of a family member?
Interviewer : Describe
what happens during family meals?
Interviewer : So you do not
eat together?
Interviewer : Where
do family members have their meals?
7. Decision-making
Interviewer : How are
important decisions made?
Interviewer : Who makes
the important family decisions? Males or females?
Interviewer : How are
decisions on daily family business made?
8. Role of age
Interviewer : What role
does age play in the family?
Interviewer : What special
tasks are done by older people?
Interviewer : What status
is given to children?
Interviewer : What roles
do children play?
Interviewer : Are there
a difference between the roles of female and male children?
Interviewer : What are
the role differences between female and male children?
9. Family Rituals
and Ceremonies
Interviewer : Describe
the type of rituals and ceremonies held in the family?
Interviewer : How are
these ceremonies or celebrations done?
Interviewer : Who
attends these ceremonies or celebrations? Where are they held?
Interviewer : What happens
at these events? What is the value of the rituals to the family and its culture?
Interviewer : Are family
members involved with community institutions or organizations?
Interviewer : Religious
involvement.
Interviewer : Who visits
whom, how frequently and over what period of time?
10. Family and
Property
Interviewer : Who owns
property in the family and how did they acquire it?
Interviewer : Do the
women receive dowries e.g. lobola?
Interviewer : Who
inherits what? Are wills drawn up?
11. Migration
and the Family
Interviewer : Did the
family migrate?
Interviewer : What else
would you like to add before we end?
Thank you for participating
Appendix C available
on google.docs
